ANSD : Turkey, the sick man of Europe, returns

TUE 7 - 5 - 2024

Date: Aug 31, 2018
Source: The Daily Star

Turkey, the sick man of Europe, returns

Joschka Fischer

One of the great geopolitical issues in 19th-century Europe was the so-called Eastern Question. The Ottoman Empire, then known as the “sick man of Europe,” was rapidly disintegrating, and it remained to be seen which European power would succeed it. When the self-annihilation of World War I finally arrived, it was no coincidence that it emanated from the Balkans, the geopolitical playground for the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires.

All three great empires met their demise after the war. During the Allied partition of the Ottoman Empire, Gen. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and the defeated Turkish army withdrew to Anatolia, where they successfully repelled a Greek intervention, and then rejected the Treaty of Sevres. In its place came the Treaty of Lausanne, which paved the way for the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Ataturk’s ambition was to turn Turkey into a modern, secular country that would belong to Europe and the West, not to the Middle East.

To achieve this goal, he ruled as an authoritarian, and created a hybrid state based on de facto military rule and multiparty democracy.

Over the course of the 20th century, this arrangement produced recurring crises in which Turkish democracy was repeatedly interrupted by temporary military dictatorships.

After 1947, Turkish politics was heavily influenced by the Cold War. In 1952, Turkey joined NATO and became one of the West’s indispensable allies. For decades, it used its strategic position between the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea to guard the alliance’s southern flank against Soviet encroachments.

Still, Turkey remained an unstable political entity. The constant vacillation between democracy and military rule arrested most of its progress toward modernization. For Turkish proponents of democracy, the country’s best hope rested with Europe. Formal accession to the European Union would signal the completion of the modernization process. Whereas the Ottomans had maintained hegemony over the Middle East for a century, Turkey would become a card-carrying member of the West.

In 1995, Turkey entered into a customs union with the EU. By the time the Islamist Justice and Development Party (AK Party) came to power in 2002, the country seemed to have oriented itself toward Europe for good. In partnership with the Islamic preacher Fethullah Gulen’s movement, AK Party governments led by then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan pursued far-reaching institutional, economic and judicial reforms, including the abolition of the death penalty, an essential precondition for EU membership.

Moreover, during the early years of Erdogan’s premiership, Turkey experienced rapid modernization and strong economic growth, bringing it ever closer to the EU. By 2011, when the Arab Spring arrived, Turkey was rightly heralded as a successful model of “Islamic democracy,” in which free and fair elections were combined with the rule of law and a market economy.

Seven years later, we seem to be in a completely different world. Turkey is quickly reclaiming its title as “the sick man of Europe.”

Given its strategic location and economic and human potential, the country should be moving toward a brilliant 21st-century future.

Instead, it is marching backward toward the 19th century, under the banner of nationalism and reorientalization. Rather than embrace Western modernity, it is throwing in its lot with the Middle East and that region’s perpetual crises.

Erdogan, who assumed the presidency in 2014, has presided over Turkey’s rapid modernization and equally rapid backsliding.

He had the chance to follow in Ataturk’s footsteps, and to complete the task of integrating Turkey into the West, but he failed.

What explains this tragedy? One possibility is that Erdogan grew overconfident during the boom that preceded the 2008 financial crisis.

Another is that he came to resent the West, owing to the humiliation of the stalled EU accession process and his own authoritarian ambitions, which he finally pursued in earnest after the failed military coup in the summer of 2016.

In any event, Erdogan has squandered a unique opportunity for both Turkey and the Muslim world generally. His country is now beset by a currency crisis of his own making, and it could even face the prospect of national bankruptcy. As he increasingly divides his loyalties between East and West, he risks destabilizing the Middle East even further. Turkey’s domestic ethnic conflicts – particularly with the Kurds – have once again erupted with full force, even though past experience shows that they cannot be resolved militarily. Thanks to Erdogan, Turkey has become part of the problem in the region, rather than the solution.

And yet Turkey’s strategic importance to Europe remains. Millions of EU citizens are of Turkish origin, and the country will continue to bridge the gap between East and West, North and South. Under Erdogan’s regime, Turkey is no longer a prospective candidate for EU membership. But, rather than break off the accession process, the EU should focus on stabilizing the country and salvaging its democracy.

After all, a destabilized Turkey is the last thing Europe needs. Regardless of one’s sympathy for or antipathy to Erdogan, Europe’s own security depends heavily on Turkey, which has absorbed millions of migrants and refugees fleeing conflicts in the Middle East in recent years.

For the sake of both European stability and Turkish democracy, the EU must confront Turkey’s crisis with patience and pragmatism, based on its own democratic principles.

_{Joschka Fischer, Germany’s foreign minister and vice chancellor from 1998 to 2005, was a leader of the German Green Party for almost 20 years. THE DAILY STAR publishes this commentary in collaboration with Project Syndicate © (www.project-syndicate.org).

A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Daily Star on August 31, 2018, on page 7.}

The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Arab Network for the Study of Democracy

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