Rami G. Khouri

One of the depressing mysteries of the day in the Middle East is why the many different parties involved in the struggle against ISIS have not coordinated more urgently to fight and destroy the group. You would think that Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Kurdish groups in several countries, Hezbollah and other nonstate actors with powerful military capabilities would join forces to definitively end the mini-expansions of ISIS into or toward their territories.That has not happened, allowing ISIS to continue waging war on several fronts, despite its vulnerabilities and its disjointed control of patches of territory in Syria and Iraq. Recent events in both Iraq and Syria confirm what many, including myself, have always assumed: that a combination of ground troops from the region supported by coordinated airstrikes from the United States and others would quickly constrain, weaken and then defeat ISIS in local battles.

This has happened most recently in northern Syria, where Kurdish forces led by the Kurdish People’s Protection Units, supported by units from the Free Syrian Army and intensive U.S. airstrikes, have pushed ISIS out of valuable territory that connected its heartland in Raqqa with border crossings into Turkey. This included loss to ISIS of the important border post of Tal Abyad.

Some estimates say that ISIS has been driven out of about one-third of the lands it controls around its “capital” in the city of Raqqa. A comparison of maps of Syria today and several months ago shows ISIS-controlled areas that once looked like expanding blobs now looking more like thin slivers. Most importantly, press reports of some battles in and around Tal Abyad say that ISIS forces often left their defensive positions and fled for safety toward Raqqa or Turkey.

We are witnessing a clear and repeated breakdown of the image that ISIS has tried to promote of itself, as an invincible fighting force that often wins before a shot is fired, because its savagery and determination frighten any opponent into submission.

Well, the more accurate emerging reality in the military realm is that ISIS is not so strong in absolute terms, but its gains have occurred primarily because of two related reasons: the weaknesses and uncoordinated nature of its foes in Iraq and Syria, especially governments, nonstate militias and foreign air powers; and the general chaos and ungoverned nature of areas where it advances. When those two conditions are addressed and eliminated, ISIS is exposed for what it really is: a cult-like movement that attracts desperate people from the region and abroad whose main attraction to ISIS is that it offers them that which they seek but do not find in their own societies.

These desperate people who join or support ISIS include Sunni Arabs whose lives in Syria and Iraq have been a series of miseries for many decades, and Arabs and foreigners from other countries who see in ISIS the illusory promise of a noble struggle that gives meaning to their otherwise hollow and vulnerable lives. Its victories on the ground, such as taking Raqqa, Mosul, Ramadi and Palmyra, are less a reflection of the mighty fighting abilities of ISIS, and more about the consequences of the incoherent, corrupt and dilapidated state of the Arab societies around it.

The most significant element in the condition of the Arab societies, especially notable in Iraq, is the double-barreled problem of sectarian and ethnic tensions among Iraqis and tensions between the U.S. and several key parties, notably Iran, Iranian-backed Iraqi militias, the Syrian government, and Islamist rebel groups in Syria. Consequently, coordination among all the parties threatened by ISIS is minimized or prevented, and ISIS is left to expand here and there almost at will – until, that is, it comes up against a diligent ground force that coordinates closely with available air attack capabilities, as has just happened in northern Syria.

This highlights the absolute centrality of political and socio-economic issues over military or strategic matters in this episode with ISIS, as well as with regard to conditions across the Arab world in general. The political and sectarian problems that prevent military coordination also plague the constructive political development of countries such as Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Bahrain, Libya, Lebanon, Palestine and others.

The threats from ISIS affirm the central and common challenge facing all Arab states, of developing effective and equitable governance systems that allow all citizens to share in the fruits and toil of decent nationhood and thus avoid the indecent vulgarities of ISIS and its ilk.