AMMAN: Diplomatic pressure mounted on Syrian President Bashar Assad Monday after Qatar, previously a major supporter, shut its embassy in Damascus and the European Union said it was considering tougher sanctions.
Meanwhile, Syria saw its first outbreak of sectarian violence in four months of protests against Assad’s autocratic rule when at least 30 people were killed at the weekend in clashes between rival communities in the city of Homs. Assad has responded to the unprecedented threat to his rule with promises to reform and offers of dialogue, coupled with a fierce crackdown in which, rights groups say, some 1,400 people have been killed and 10 times more arrested.

But the demonstrations have grown in strength and spread from small mainly Sunni rural towns to cities the length and breadth of the country.
Assad, once courted by the West as a possible moderate in the region, is becoming increasingly isolated internationally, with only Iran keeping up its support.

Qatar was a major backer of Syria until protests broke out in March, but relations deteriorated when Sunni Muslims began to be killed by Assad’s security forces, whose leaders, like the president, belong to the minority Alawite sect.
Qatar withdrew its ambassador from Damascus and closed its embassy last week after two attacks on the embassy compound by militiamen loyal to Assad, diplomats in the Syrian capital told Reuters Monday.

The EU has already imposed travel bans and asset freezes on 34 Syrian individuals and entities, but British Foreign Secretary William Hague said after a meeting of EU foreign ministers in Brussels that “work now needs to start so we can add to that if necessary over the coming days and weeks.”

“The situation remains very serious and if anything [is] deteriorating,” he told reporters. “President Assad should reform or step aside.”
A statement agreed by the ministers in Brussels called on Assad to implement announced reforms and said his government’s failure to do so was “calling its legitimacy into question.”

“Until the unacceptable violence against the civilian population is halted and decisive progress achieved toward fulfilling the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people for democratic change, the EU will pursue and carry forward its current policy, including through sanctions,” it said.
The United States and France have been pressing for tougher penalties, but Russia has blocked a U.N. Security Council resolution condemning the crackdown.

In the central Syrian city of Homs, clashes between pro-Assad Alawite residents and Sunni opponents of the president erupted Saturday after the bodies of Assad supporters were returned to their relatives mutilated, Rami Abdelrahman, head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, said Monday.
Homs has been a focal point of the uprising since the military stormed it two months ago to try to crush street protests calling for Assad to quit.

The city is a microcosm of Syria’s religious mosaic with a Sunni Muslim majority living alongside minority groups, including Christians and Alawite Muslims, Assad’s own sect.
“At least 30 civilians were killed … they fell after civil fighting between pro- and anti-regime [residents] started Saturday,” the Observatory said in a statement.

“These clashes are a dangerous development that undermines the revolution and serves the interests of its enemies who want to turn it into a civil war,” Abdelrahman said.
Mohammad Saleh, an activist and a resident of Homs, said there was no more fighting Monday but residents were tense.

He said a group of Alawite men, including four policemen, went missing Thursday. The bodies of four of them were found Saturday with their eyes gouged out. Six more bodies were found Sunday.
Alawites make up an estimated 20 percent of the population of Homs but as a result of preferential treatment by the state, hold 60 percent of the public sector jobs in the city.

One resident of Homs, a lawyer who did not want to be identified, said tribal members in the Khaldieh area had responded to attacks on their shops by Alawite militiamen from the Nozha area by killing several of the gunmen.
“The Christians are staying out of this,” he said.
“Basically you have two armed neighborhoods in Homs and the tribes are now starting to settle scores with the regime,” the lawyer said.

“The magic is turning against the magician. The regime thought that if it feeds the tribes and allows them to carry AK-47s it will secure their loyalty for ever,” he said. “The repression, however, is turning them into insurgents.”
In eastern Syria, residents of Albu Kamal, on the border with Iraq, held talks Monday with troops besieging the town to avoid an assault after defections among security forces who had tried to quell street demonstrations there, residents said.

Residents said Alawite troops were sent from the west of the country after thousands took to the streets, prompted by killings by Military Intelligence agents of five protesters Saturday, including a 14-year-old boy.
The crowds overwhelmed soldiers and secret police. Residents said around 100 Air Force Intelligence personnel and the crew of at least four armored vehicles joined the protesters.