By Hoda Badran

This summer, as the dust of the Arab Spring revolutions begins to settle, women – who stood shoulder to shoulder with men in defying tyranny – are finding themselves marginalized and excluded from decision-making. Despite the new freedoms championed by the revolutionaries, women continue to be regarded as subordinate to men. In Tunisia, a mass protest called for all women to be veiled, which led to unveiled female professors being hounded off campuses. Mobs shouted at Tunisian women demonstrators to go back to the kitchen “where they belong.” In Egypt, conservative forces are on the rise, demanding the imposition of policies – particularly reforms of family legislation – that would represent a step backward for women.
 
Angered and alarmed by these developments, Arab women have been forced to defend their rights. In April 2011, Tunisian women successfully pressed for an electoral-parity law, thanks to which they won 49 of 217 parliamentary seats in last October’s elections. In Egypt, however, the prospects for women seem gloomier, because they failed to retain the pre-revolution quota system that had given them 64 parliamentary seats.
 
That system was replaced by a new electoral law that obliges political parties to include at least one woman on their candidate lists. But almost all of the parties put female candidates at the end of their lists; as a result, only nine women were elected to the parliament. The Senior Council of the Armed Forces, the ruling junta, appointed two more women, bringing the share of women parliamentarians to about 2 percent.
 
Islamist groups won majorities in both the Tunisian and Egyptian parliaments. Draft legislation that reflects a restrictive interpretation of Shariah, or Islamic law, particularly concerning women’s status, is now being submitted for debate in Tunisia. And there seems to be a clear intention in many Arab countries to allow unrestricted polygamy, for example, even where it was prohibited prior to the Arab Spring.
 
In Egypt, matters are more complicated. SCAF, fearing an Islamist takeover ahead of the presidential election, dissolved the parliament in June, following a judicial decision that the council (and the judiciary) insist must be upheld. But the new president, the Muslim Brotherhood’s Mohammad Mursi, has ordered the parliament to reconvene.
 
Previously, the parliament’s legislative committee received a proposal to lower the age of marriage for girls from 18 years to 12. Needless to say, this would cut short girls’ education, not to mention other harmful implications.
 
A powerful feature of the Egyptian revolution was the equality between the very different actors who initiated it. None tried to seize a leadership role. The power struggle pitted the forces of President Hosni Mubarak’s regime against the people, including women, who were on the streets and in the squares demanding freedom, dignity, and social justice.
 
But now things are strikingly different. The once unified opposition to the Mubarak regime has become fragmented, with each faction defending its own interests and advocating its own version of the revolution’s goals. The two most prominent actors in the new power spectrum – the military, represented by SCAF, and the Islamists, who include the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafists – are surrounded by lesser political parties, youth coalitions and others.
 
Unfortunately, the political position of women is weak. The National Council for Women has been restructured; there is a new Egyptian Feminist Union, and a number of coalitions made up of feminist nongovernmental organizations have been created. But they are far from being sufficiently organized to work together effectively.
 
There now seem to be two scenarios for women’s future status in Egypt, neither of which is very hopeful. In the first scenario, SCAF – which, aside from dissolving the parliament, stripped the presidency of most powers in order to weaken its rivals – continues to rule the country under the military system introduced in 1952 when Mohammad Naguib and then Gamel Abdel-Nasser seized power.
 
Militarism and patriarchy are inextricably linked, and both view masculinity as the opposite of femininity. If soldiers – and, by extension, all “real” men – are strong and daring, then real women should be the antithesis: passive, obedient and in need of protection as “good” wives, sisters and mothers.
 
The second scenario is an Islamist regime: Mursi negotiates with SCAF a transition to civilian rule; Islamists continue to dominate a restored parliament; and the new Constitution establishes a theocratic state. Most of Egypt’s Islamists, particularly those who returned from exile in Saudi Arabia, adhere to the Wahhabi sect, with its severe restrictions on women, implying that women’s status would be much worse than it was before the revolution.
 
Among other things, new legislation would make polygamy the rule, rather than the exception, and would deprive women of an equal right to divorce. The Islamists could impose the veil and then the niqab. An immense effort would be required of women’s rights activists to be prevent a reign of injustice.
 
Unfortunately, neither SCAF nor Mursi espouses the type of liberal regime that would provide women with opportunities to take on the leadership roles that have traditionally been denied to them.
 
Indeed, the only glimmer of hope remaining for women’s equality and dignity in Egypt is the willingness of all who seek such a regime to unite and try yet again to fulfill the democratic promise of Egypt’s revolution.
 
Hoda Badran is president of the Egyptian Feminist Union. THE DAILY STAR publishes this commentary in collaboration with Project Syndicate-Europe’s World © (www.project-syndicate.org and www.europesworld.org).